Sustainable
WASH Development by Public-private Partnership: A Component Sharing Model Case
Study
M. Wasif Bashir Babar*, Malik Nazir Ahmad
Wattoo**, Bahadar Nawab Khattak***, Muhmmad Jahangir****
* Sustainable Water Sanitaion Health and
Development, CIIT Abbottabad, email: wasifbashir15@gmail.com
** Anjuman Samaji Bahbood ASB,
Failababad email: asbwatto@gmail.com
*** Department of Development Studies,
CIIT Abbottabad . email: bahadar@ciit.net.edu
**** Coordinator, water Pakistan, email: mjahangir298@gmail.com
Abstract
An integrated
water supply, sanitation, health and hygiene project named Changa Pani Program
was developed in the backward community of Lahore with the public-private
partnership. This project was developed on the philosophy of component sharing
model. External component of the project was designed and funded by the
Government of Punjab whereas internal component was completed by the community
on self-help base. A community based local water and sanitation community
organization (WASCO) was organized. After the project completion, the
infrastructure was handed over to the WASCO. Now this WASCO Organization is
running the project successfully.
Keywords:
Component
Sharing Model, WASCO, Public-Private Partnership, Project, WASH,
Sustainability, WASA ,Environmental Development, efficiency, accessibility,
affordability, WAPDA, Disease Level, Women water user group, community WASH
Groups, street Representative
Background
of the study
Lahore is second
largest city of Pakistan and is provincial capital of Punjab with approximate population of 8
million people. Project area Union Council 60 in Lahore Pakistan has a
population of approximately 22,000, this area located near the Ranger Head
Quarter Lahore.
The community
living in the area reported serious health related issues as they had not
adequate water supply and sanitation in the area by state and this Poor
sanitation, unsafe water and unhygienic environments cause serious disease in
women, old aged and children to suffer many water related and water borne
diseases. Scarcity and misuse of the fresh water resources pose a serious and
growing threat to sustainable development, environment protection, human
health, welfare and food security of the area.
In the Badar
colony there was much worse condition of the sanitation and people were facing
the sanitation poverty of all type. The disposal of the excreta was unsafe,
people were poor, toilets were improper and almost 7 people have the facility
of just one toilet. Flush and discharge of sanitation system was being
practicing. The excreta were disposed off through excavating a small sanitation
well with 40 feet depth, this unethical practice poses very serious and
dangerous impact on the ground water contamination, soil pollution, and
nutrients loss. People of the area had very low literacy rate and limited
awareness about the hygiene education and water resource management. A
Community young man said that "elders and children’s health is affected
as the sewage water is mixed with the
drinking water".
The existing
water supply source was Ground water which people take through instillation of
small motor pumps to extract ground water. This motor pump increases the
economic burden on community in the shape of paying the electricity bills.
Mostly people cooked their food in the open & they also did not take any
measure to minimize food contamination. The streets were not paved and there
was lot of soil loss in the rainy season due to the surface runoff. On the time
of rain even children were not able to go school and this lead to the absent
from school, put harmful effects on the child education.
There was not
any microfinance institute and their activities to driven the poverty and help
community to even make possible to meet the daily basic needs. The over view of
this area was very porn and relative of the community never come and wish to
meet them as these people were facing the sanitation poverty and inadequate
water supply system, in the result people of badar colony were in the
inferiority complex and remained
mentally upset all the time. Many young girls have not any proposal of marriage
outside from the community even from their relatives due to improper water,
sanitation, and poor hygienic condition of the area. This problem make highly
enhancement in the anonymity stuff of the parents and make a question mark on
the future planning of young generation and their life status.
People of the
badar colony never used the boiled water for the drinking purpose. The access
to hygiene information was limited due to poverty, low literacy and low
mobility. The only source of health and hygiene information was T.V and
relatives which is always limited in scope.
.There was a
great complaint of the women that due to using the ground water they were
facing the chicken poxes, scabies and hair fall issues. Very low social status
and privacy for the women was at that area which was a question mark on the
women dignity. The sanitation poverty made a question mark on the dignity of
the women and young generation of that area. A high rate of the disease
occurrence rate was examined and water related vector born disease were at the
high rate. There was a strong association between community health,
environment, and health behavior, literacy rate, poverty, and socio-economics
status. The gendered nature of health and hygiene issue clearly required a
health and hygiene strategy which addresses women, their low literacy and means
of communication to make an intervention of water and sanitation by any
governmental department like (WASA Lahore) or any other service provider
agencies like NGOs and INGOs to develop a successful Water, sanitation, Health
and Hygiene program in the area to provide them the basic human right at
optimum level. They were striving and had desire for the change in their life
by making the successful intervention in the WASH Sector at Badar colony UC
60-Lahore.
Introduction
Changa Pani
Programme a strategic initiative of the Government of Punjab through Urban
Unit, Planning and Development Department in Partnership with City District
Government Lahore, WASA Lahore ( Water utility) , Anjuman Samaji Bahbood (ASB)
a civil society organization.
The Changa Pani
means good water and its name was developed in the local language of the
community so that community made it their own belongings. The purpose was to
design and implementation of integrated water supply and sanitation project for
poor un-served community of Badar Colony. The project was developed to provide
an efficient, reliable, affordable and environmentally sustainable WATSAN
system in poor Urban Area of Badar Colony UC 60 Lahore for policy learning
provision the basic human rights and attainment of Millennium Development Goal
(MDGs).
Project Concept
The community
involvement paradigm was officially adopted by the international community
during 1977 World Water Conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina.
The conference
adopted a slogan which was “Water and Sanitation for All”. The project is based
on the integrated approach of water and sanitation for UC 60 community.
This project
presented an ideal opportunity for demonstrating mechanisms for improving urban
services within the current institutional limitations in the light of National
Sanitation Policy of PAKISTAN.
VISION AND
MISSION OF CHANGA PANI PROGRAM
This project
was developed on the vision of
Affordable water and sanitation for all through Component sharing model
philosophy with the mission of providing the best quality services of Water, Sanitation, Health
Hygiene education that must affordable ,reliable, accessible ,replicable ,sustainable
and environmentally friendly with
partnership of Community, WASA, Civil Society, Government of Punjab.
“We are in the
process of development, learn from each other and we will develop a model which
is sustainable, replicable in cities of Punjab and other developing
countries"( Project Team of Changa Pani Program).
Component
sharing model.
Change Pani
Program developed on the philosophy of component sharing model that was
basically the division of the responsibilities and a strong but successful
strategy to make sustainable development through Public private partnership .it
had two components external and internal component. External component
developed and funded by the Government of the Punjab and internal component
with the community partnership on the self-help bases.
In the external
component Government Develop and install the main water supply lines , main,
sub-main and trunk sewer line, tube well with 700 feet depth to excavating the
pure fresh water for the community, A disposal station to treat water before
leading it to other water bodies the Overhead reservoir with the capacity of
the 50 thousand gallon water storage. Government developed office Name “CHANGA
PANI PROGRAM OFFICE” in the project area and was responsible to pay
the salary of change Pani Staff with provision of the Computers and
other logistics.
Internal
component was totally developed by the community participation on the self help
bases. Internal component was involved in the installation of the water supply
and sewer lines in the link streets. It made a water supply and sewer
connection at the step door of the household but household were responsible to
make their connection in the home and link it with the street installed WATSAN
Lines.. The Community contributes 39% in the infrastructure development. They
participate at equal level and there was not even a single household which was
free to take the WATSAN connection so all the community household paid for
their facility.
The much
vulnerable and poor household was facilitated to pay their connection fee in
the easy installment but not free to pay at all.
Water and
sanitation community organization(WASCO).
A community
based water and sanitation community organization established. In this
organization all the streets have their one representative which was elected by
the consent of all the street households. This representative was responsible
to collect money form the street, buy the logistics ,like water supply and
sanitation pipes, its installation ,monitoring and management. All the
representative of the streets elects a town representative which was
responsible of handle all the developmental matters in the town. All the town
representative of the towns elect a general body of the WASCO organization and
this general body collectively elect a President, general secretary and finance
secretary. These people were responsible for monitoring and developing all the
infrastructural stuff. They opened an
account by the name of WASCO Society and all the collection of the money and
water bills were directly paid in that account.
Water and
sanitation Agency (WASA-Lahore) developed external component which was totally
funded by the Government of the Punjab and community develop internal component
under the supervision and assistance of the WASCO. As the project developed
successfully, all the infrastructure was handed over to WASCO by WASA. Now this community
organization was responsible to supply water in the project area, maintain the
sewerage system and disposal station, paying electricity bill to WAPDA, hiring
the staff, paying their salary and office management.
As in this
project community was fully engaged at each and every stage of its
installation, construction, development and maintenance. Community also paid by
money and time for the developing of internal component. They develop the sense
of ownership and were much care about the operation and maintenance of the
project. This was the dream of the community to have the WASH Facilities which
come into real life with the self help and public private partnership.
Hygiene
promotion and school education.
There was a
health educator in the Change pani program team. She daily do visit at least 7
schools which were in the project area and deliver lecture there for the
promotion of the hygiene and public behavior about the water and sanitation
utilization. All the team members of the Changa pani do daily visit to project,
mobilize and motivate the community members and influence the water and
sanitation utilization behavior, facilitate the street WASH Promotion leader to
collect the money and make the installation of the WATSAN Pipeline.
To highlight and
eliminate the gender and women issues a Women water user group was also
developed by the community in the result of the social mobilization of CPP
Staff.
That women water
user group address the WATSAN related issues and help in the influencing their
male members of the house to engage and participate in the project to attain
the WASH Facilities.
Through mutual
understanding and strong cohesions between community and Governmental
departments this project 100% completed successful.
Objectives of
the study:
- To know how extent project is made success
- To determine how extent people are satisfied with Changa Pani Services
- To know the social, economic and health impact of this program on the local community
- To determine the influence of this project on physical environment
Sociological significance
People of UC 60 Lahore were facing many
of the problems concerning social economic political as well as WATSAN
facilities. With the participation of the community it was proved that people
can do a lot even they make sure of achieving the common goals and services..
They can get all the basic facilities with self-help and it was not impossible.
Methodology
of the study
For the collection and
getting the actual facts and public opinion about the project Survey technique
was adopted. The project area has five towns with the population of 22000
people. Usman Town was targeted area for data collection in which almost there
were 250 household with population of 1550 persons. This was chosen because the
people of usman town were the pioneer of participant in this project, all the
household this area had WATSAN Facilities of this project and it was near to
main road for the easy access. 100 households were visited and interviewed that
was a representative sample. Simple random sampling technique was used. The
questionnaire was developed in the local language for facilitate the
respondent. Interview method was adopted
for data collection due to the low literacy rate of the community. For making
the strong and real mature form of data the Minimum age of respondent for this
research was above 18 year. Only those household was taken who were the
beneficiary of this project, and was enjoying the WATSAN facilities of Changa
Pani Program. Percentage Frequency distribution tool was used to analysis of
data.
Results and
Discussion
Community Satisfaction with working of Project
Community Satisfaction with working of Project
This Integrated
water supply and sanitation project developed on the public private
partnership. Due to actively involvement of the community in this project the
dream of getting the WATSAN Facility comes into the real life. Community was
satisfied with the services of the project.
Figure1.1 is
showing the community satisfaction level with the project developed by them as
taking part in the internal component. in this figure almost 92% beneficiaries
of this project were fully satisfy with the working and efficiency,
affordability and flexibility of the project.4% were satisfied at some extent
and 4% were not satisfied with the project .all the respondents respond very
much and coordinate with the research team and there was not any single case of
refusal.
Community
Ownership
Community takes
part in the development of the internal component by effectively participation
with the money, time. They were engaged in all the phases of the project
planning, developing, implementation, monitoring& Evaluation, policy making
and installment. As result community attributed that this project was their
own project as they were actively involved in all the major phases of the
project.
Figure 1.2
showing that almost 90% beneficiaries of the project determine and show their strong ownership
about the project and 6% were not agree with the concept of the ownership and about 4% have
not any opinion and response about this project’s ownership matter.
CPP and Reduce
the Disease Level.
Before the
provision of water, sanitation and health hygiene facilities to the community
of UC 60 Badar colony Lahore there was a high level of incidences of disease
especially regarding the child and old aged. After the provision of these basic
services the benefices were determined that by the provision and developing of
this project the people of UC 60 had developed their health profile and social
status. This WATSAN facility make optimum decrease level in the incidence of
the disease in the area.
Figure 1.3 is
showing that almost 89% respondents were attributing that this
project play vital role in the decreasing the
incidence of disease level from the area whereas 6% said it reduce
disease level at some extent ,4% respondents said this project had brought no
change in reducing the disease profile and 1% respondent have no response about
this matter.
CPP and
Improvement in Environmental Condition of the project area.
Before the
provision of WATSAN Facilities at Badar Colony it was very serious repulsion
condition of the environment and this unhygienic condition of the environment
posed much worse effects on the human health but With the provision of the
water supply, sanitation and health hygiene facilities in the area it play
important role in the improvement of the environmental condition and reduce its
pollution level.
Figure 1.4
showing that almost 78% Respondents
respond were strongly agreed with efficiency and effectiveness of project and
its role in the improvement of their environment by provision the underground
water and sewerage system ,clean and neat streets and provision of health and
hygiene education. 9% were agree with it role at some extent whereas 5% were
strongly disagree and 6% were disagree at some extent about the role of project
in improvement of the environment of the project area but almost 2% have not any opinion and response
about this matter.
Entry point of
human development.
As this project
was developed in peri-urban area of the Lahore where there was not any facility
of the water and sanitation before this project. Young, children, women and
other aged people had to cover almost 2KM distance to fetch water for the
domestic usages which take much of their time in this matter. There was great
health driven burden on the community due to the contamination water and they
had to pay a lot to treat their loved one .these matters were great hindrance
on the way of their progress in the social economic status. With the provision
of WASH Facilities by the developing of the CPP Project community was able to
save money and time which they used to spend on the treatment of the disease
caused by the contaminated water utilization behavior. It play very important role in the improving
of socio-economic status of the community.
Figure 1.5
showing that about 80% respondents were strongly agree with project influence
in enhancing the socio-economic status of the community, 5% were agree at some
extent, 7% were disagree and 5% were disagree at some extent and were
attributing that this project had a little
bit any role in the enhancement of the
socio-economic status of the community, whereas 3% respondents were not any
opinion and response in this matter.
Water bills
recovery Rates.
Many water
supply schemes fail due to low rate of recovery of the water bills even the
Governmental Agencies regarding Water, supply and sanitation as WASA failed to
make its 100% recovery rate of the water bills. But this was surprising for all
the service providing agencies of Water and sanitation as this program was developed
in the much deprived and slum area where people were hardly making effort to
find food for two times. They participate in this project and pay the water and
sewer connection charges. And now were paying the water bills regularly on
monthly bases which were 250 Rupees per month. They were reported that as we
pay for the electricity, sui gas and TV Cabel bill, then why not we should pay
for the safe and adequate water supply and sanitation facility in the area
which is best safeguard of the health of our children and future generation.
Figure 1.6
showing that almost 95% were paying the water bills regularly on monthly bases,5% were paying bills but not
regularly as due to economic matter. They paid bill after two month or sometime
after a delivery date with the extras charges. There was not any defaulter or
unpaid household beneficiaries of this project that is the beauty of this
project.
Enhancement in Enrollment Rate and Education Improvement.
As before this
project people were not in the position to send their child to school due to low
economic status, Unavailability of the proper sanitation facilities on the some
schools which hinder to teenage girls to go school. In rainy season streets of
the project area filled with water and children were unable to go to school
even people could not go to mosque for the offering the prayer. But with the
provision of this project almost many socio-economic and environmental issues
were defeated. Community members were
asked about the role of this project in the increasing the rate of school going
child. They were reported that with the attaining the WATSAN Facilities and
street pavements we are able to spend more time on jobs ,earn money, spent this
money on our children for their education which was not possible for us before
it. Now our children are able to move to school even in the rainy season as we
had not any issue of street dirtiness and poor WASH Facilities. This project
increases the rate of school going children for getting education.
Figure 1.7 showing that almost 75% respondent
were strongly agree with the role of the project in accelerating the rate of
school going child, 10% agree with this statement at some extent.9% respondents
were not agree with the role of project in acceleration of the rate of school
child whereas 2% respondent of the area have not any opinion and response in
this matter.
Community
Satisfaction with the Working of the WASCO.
A water and
sanitation community committee was established in the project area based on the
community member and this committee was elected by the community. This
committee was responsible to take over the project after all the project’s
infrastructural development and handle all the matter of water supply,
sanitation, water billing, recovery, office management, staff paying with
operation and maintenance of the project. After the successfully completion of
the project community was asked about the working quality and transparency of
the WASCO Committee. A huge number of the respondents were fully satisfied with
the working and services of the WASCO.
Figure 1.8
Showing that almost 91% Respondents were strongly satisfy with the working
efficiency and effectiveness of the WASCO. This was as because this committee
was formulated by the community and even all the streets Water and sanitation
representatives were involved in it and this street representative were also
elected by the consent of all the household of the streets. All the members
were responsible to make all the phases of the project pure form the
embezzlement and a openly transparent transaction of the money form the account
of WASCO to buy any things for the Project. , 7% were not satisfied with its
working and 2% respondent had not any opinion and response about this matter.
Criticism.
This
project was aimed to supply water at 24/7 days with water meter. But
unfortunately there was not any consumer water meter by which it could be
monitored. Community was delivered fixed monthly bills amount of 250 Rupees.
That was many time dishonesty and discrimination against some peoples of the
project area. Some people have family size 3-4 but most of others have above 7
people per household. Some people use water for their domestic purpose but most
of them use this water for the washing the floor, vehicles and have multistory
homes. Some people use water with very small quantity but some do it in more
but all the water users were paying the fixed bill with no regards of the water
utilization behavior. Most of the time water was not managed at household and
it was wasted carelessly. Such as behavior leaded to wastage of freshwater
resources. There was not any type of the water conservation, water
measurement and make preserve for the
future generation. People were paying fixed monthly bills and using water as
much at they want which is against the principle of the Sustainability.
Conclusion
All the partner
of the Changa pani program had completed their responsibilities and played an
effective role in the completion of this program. Project was 100% completed
successfully in the time frame. Community participate 39% cost of total project
which collected and distributed by the community for the developing of the
internal component. Now WASA-Lahore had handover this program to the local
community committee named WASCO and WASCO was striving to compete its
responsibilities for solving all the maters regarding the water, sanitation and
maintenances of the project assets. People were satisfied with the services and
working of the changa pani program. Some people have a complaint regarding the
water pressure. They were saying that water comes with the low pressure and
some time with a speedily. It has some technical issues in the water supply
management system due to failed of electricity power which some time be a
reason of the cracking the small water supply lines. And people had to face
critical problems regarding the water supply. there was a great level of the
integration between the local community committees at and they are fully
enthusiastic for generating a positive change in the condition of their area
for having the facilities of the dispensary, park, Govt School and better road
system surrounding this area.
Suggestion
There are some
suggestions concerning this program which is given below.
- There
should be construct at least one or two dispensary for this community and
doctors must be engaged in the WASH Activities.
- Government
should launch such as program with the involvement of the local
community..
- There
should be established monitoring team or committee for check and balance
the performance of the WASCO.
- Such
as program should be launched as well as develop in the neighbor areas the
badar colony.
- WASA
Lahore should be involved in this program and work with the WASCO and give
it technical assistant permanently.
- Water
meter must be installed.
- The
more researches should be done on such as program to attain the accurate
knowledge about the process as well as outcomes of the projects.
- Community involvement program should be proceeding so that we can meet MDGs successfully. And attain the environmental protection.
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